Add additional validation to mdmMicrosoftAuthEndpoint (#38147)

- [x] Changes file added for user-visible changes in `changes/`,
`orbit/changes/` or `ee/fleetd-chrome/changes`.
See [Changes
files](https://github.com/fleetdm/fleet/blob/main/docs/Contributing/guides/committing-changes.md#changes-files)
for more information.

- [x] Input data is properly validated, `SELECT *` is avoided, SQL
injection is prevented (using placeholders for values in statements)

## Testing

- [x] Added/updated automated tests

- [ ] QA'd all new/changed functionality manually

changes/fix-redirect-url-handling

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+* Added additional validation to URL parameter for MS MDM auth endpoint

server/service/integration_mdm_test.go

@@ -7917,7 +7917,8 @@ func (s *integrationMDMTestSuite) TestValidGetAuthRequest() {
 	// Checking response content
 	resContent := string(resBytes)
 	require.Contains(t, resContent, "inputToken.name = 'wresult'")
-	require.Contains(t, resContent, "form.action = \"ms-app://windows.immersivecontrolpanel\"")
+	// we expect the URL to be escaped
+	require.Contains(t, resContent, `form.action = "ms-app:\/\/windows.immersivecontrolpanel"`)
 	require.Contains(t, resContent, "performPost()")
 
 	// Getting token content
@@ -7939,6 +7940,79 @@ func (s *integrationMDMTestSuite) TestInvalidGetAuthRequest() {
 	require.Contains(t, resContent, "forbidden")
 }
 
+func (s *integrationMDMTestSuite) TestAppruValidationInGetAuthRequest() {
+	t := s.T()
+
+	// Test cases with invalid appru values that should bail due to exiting before auth check
+	invalidAppruCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		appru string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "javascript injection",
+			appru: "%3Bfor%20(var%20key%20in%20localStorage)%7B%20alert(key)%7D%3B%2F%2F",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "javascript protocol",
+			appru: "javascript:alert(1)",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "data URI",
+			appru: "data:text/html,<script>alert(1)</script>",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "empty scheme",
+			appru: "://example.com",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "plain text",
+			appru: "not-a-url",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range invalidAppruCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			targetEndpointURL := microsoft_mdm.MDE2AuthPath + "?appru=" + tc.appru + "&login_hint=demo%40example.com"
+			resp := s.DoRaw("GET", targetEndpointURL, nil, http.StatusInternalServerError)
+
+			resBytes, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+			resContent := string(resBytes)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.NotEmpty(t, resBytes)
+			require.Contains(t, resContent, "forbidden")
+
+			resp.Body.Close()
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Also verify valid URLs still work
+	validAppruCases := []struct {
+		name  string
+		appru string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "ms-app scheme",
+			appru: "ms-app%3A%2F%2Fwindows.immersivecontrolpanel",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "https scheme",
+			appru: "https%3A%2F%2Fexample.com%2Fcallback",
+		},
+		{
+			name:  "http scheme",
+			appru: "http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%2Fcallback",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range validAppruCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			targetEndpointURL := microsoft_mdm.MDE2AuthPath + "?appru=" + tc.appru + "&login_hint=demo%40example.com"
+			resp := s.DoRaw("GET", targetEndpointURL, nil, http.StatusOK)
+			resp.Body.Close()
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *integrationMDMTestSuite) TestValidGetTOC() {
 	t := s.T()
 

server/service/microsoft_mdm.go

@@ -11,13 +11,14 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"html"
+	"html/template"
 	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
+	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
-	"text/template"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/fleetdm/fleet/v4/pkg/fleetdbase"
@@ -409,7 +410,7 @@ func NewSoapFault(errorType string, origMessage int, errorMessage error) mdm_typ
 	}
 }
 
-// getSTSAuthContent Retuns STS auth content
+// getSTSAuthContent Returns STS auth content
 func getSTSAuthContent(data string) mdm_types.Errorer {
 	return MDMAuthContainer{
 		Data: &data,
@@ -777,6 +778,17 @@ func mdmMicrosoftDiscoveryEndpoint(ctx context.Context, request interface{}, svc
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// isValidAppru validates that appru is a valid URL with an allowed scheme.
+// It returns true if appru is a valid URL with http, https, or ms-app scheme.
+func isValidAppru(appru string) bool {
+	parsed, err := url.Parse(appru)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return slices.Contains([]string{"http", "https", "ms-app"}, parsed.Scheme)
+}
+
 // mdmMicrosoftAuthEndpoint handles the Security Token Service (STS) implementation
 func mdmMicrosoftAuthEndpoint(ctx context.Context, request interface{}, svc fleet.Service) (mdm_types.Errorer, error) {
 	params := request.(*SoapRequestContainer).Params
@@ -793,6 +805,11 @@ func mdmMicrosoftAuthEndpoint(ctx context.Context, request interface{}, svc flee
 		return getSTSAuthContent(""), errors.New("expected STS params are empty")
 	}
 
+	// Validate that appru is a valid URL
+	if !isValidAppru(appru) {
+		return getSTSAuthContent(""), fmt.Errorf("non-URL appru parameter attempted: %q", appru)
+	}
+
 	// Getting the STS endpoint HTML content
 	stsAuthContent, err := svc.GetMDMMicrosoftSTSAuthResponse(ctx, appru, loginHint)
 	if err != nil {

server/service/microsoft_mdm_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/fleetdm/fleet/v4/server/mdm/microsoft/syncml"
 	"github.com/fleetdm/fleet/v4/server/mock"
 	"github.com/go-kit/log"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
@@ -35,6 +36,79 @@ func NewSoapRequest(request []byte) (fleet.SoapRequest, error) {
 	return req, nil
 }
 
+func TestIsValidAppruURL(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		appru    string
+		expected bool
+	}{
+		// Valid URLs
+		{
+			name:     "valid ms-app scheme",
+			appru:    "ms-app://windows.immersivecontrolpanel",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "valid https scheme",
+			appru:    "https://example.com/callback",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "valid http scheme",
+			appru:    "http://localhost/callback",
+			expected: true,
+		},
+		// Invalid URLs - XSS attempts
+		{
+			name:     "javascript injection",
+			appru:    ";for (var key in localStorage){ alert(key)};//",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "javascript protocol",
+			appru:    "javascript:alert(1)",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "data URI",
+			appru:    "data:text/html,<script>alert(1)</script>",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty scheme",
+			appru:    "://example.com",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "plain text",
+			appru:    "not-a-url",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "empty string",
+			appru:    "",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "file scheme",
+			appru:    "file:///etc/passwd",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "ftp scheme",
+			appru:    "ftp://example.com",
+			expected: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := isValidAppru(tc.appru)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expected, result)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestValidSoapResponse(t *testing.T) {
 	relatesTo := "urn:uuid:0d5a1441-5891-453b-becf-a2e5f6ea3749"
 	soapFaultMsg := NewSoapFault(syncml.SoapErrorAuthentication, fleet.MDEDiscovery, errors.New("test"))