This commit updates the code around the `RuntimeError` class to make it more reusable between packages (currently it's only usable inside the `core` package). Specifically:
- the error formatting logic was updated to handle cases when there is no error message provided
- there is no special Set that contains a set of error codes for which we have guides on angular.io. Instead, this is now encoded into the error code itself (making such codes negative integers). Having a separate Set makes it non-tree-shakable, which we want to avoid.
This change should allow to employ the `RuntimeError` class in other packages to further standardize this subsystem and make the errors thrown by the framework consistent.
As a part of the refactoring, the `common` package code was also updated to follow the same logic as `core`, since the `RuntimeError` class was used there as well.
PR Close#44398
